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Appendicular skeleton - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Spine - posterior surface. Lateral end has an expanded process acromion (high point of shoulder) forms acromioclavicular joint
      - Glenoid cavity - inferior to acromion forms glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint) with humerus of brachium
      - Coracoid process present on lateral end of superior border of scapula. Attachment for pectoralis minor, coracobrachialis & biceps brachii) & ligaments such as conoid, coracoacromial & trapezoid
      - Fossae - Inferior to spine is infraspinous fossa for infraspinatus muscle; Superior to spine is for supraspinatus muscle. Subscapular fossa on anterior side is for subscapularis muscle
    - - Medial end - or sternal end forms sternoclavicular joint (particularly manubrium of sternum)
      - Lateral end - or acromial end forms acromioclavicular joint
      - Lateral end & inferior surface - conoid tubercle has conoid ligament attaches clavicle & scapula
  - - - Humerus
        
        Proximal end: Has glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint). Greater tubercle is present laterally while lesser tubercle is anterior. In between these tubercle, an intertubercular sulcus houses the tendon of biceps brachii. Rounded head of humerus articulates with scapula.
        
        Body: Laterally & anterior has deltoid tuberosity. Posterior surface has radial groove along which radial nerve is present.
        
        Distal end: Rounded knob (Capitulum) articulates with radius. Radial fossa is present just above capitulum on the anterior surface (lateral border). On the medial border, anterior surface just above capitulum is coronoid fossa articulates with ulna. Posterior aspect has olecranon fossa articulating with ulna. Lateral & medial border of capitulum has epicondyles respectively. Ulnar n can be palpated on the medial epicondyle of humerus.
    - - Radius
        
        Proximal end: Head articulates with capitulum of humerus. Anteromedial below neck has radial tuberosity.
        
        Distal end: Laterally, styloid process is present.
      - Ulna
        
        Proximal end: has prominence, olecranon with facing posterior. Anteriorly, the coronoid process articulates with trochlea of humerus. Trochlear notch is large curved space between olecranon & coronoid process. Radial notch articulates with radius.
        
        Distal end: Styloid process present on the posterior lateral aspect.
    - - Carpus (Wrist)
        
        Proximal row: has 4 carpal bones, from lateral to medial, are Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform. Scaphoid & lunate articulate with radius. 70% fractures occur in scaphoid.
        
        Distal row: has 4 carpal bones, from lateral to medial - trapezium, trapezoid, capitate & hamate. Anteriorly, pisiform & hamate (ulnar side) and scaphoid & trapezoid (radial side) forms carpal tunnel with flexor retinaculum serving as a roof.
      - Metacarpus
        
        5 metacarpal bones numbered 1-5 from medial to lateral (thumb is the medial most) distal row of carpal bones articulates with all metacarpals making carpometacarpal joint. Heads of metacarpus forms knuckles on the hand.
      - Phalanges
        
        Phalanx is singular. Each phalanges has 3 bones, proximal, middle & distal except thumb (pollex) has proximal & distal. After thumb, layman terms are index finger, middle finger, ring finger, little finger (pinky). Know interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints.
- - - - Femur
        
        Proximal end: articulates with acetabulum in hip bone with a head. Fovea capitis is a depression on the head of femur which contains ligament of head of femur. It extends from head of femur to fovea in acetabulum. Greater trochanter & lesser trochanter are projections to allow insertion of tendons of various muscles.
        
        Distal end: Medial & lateral condyles are raised projections that articlulates with tibia & fibula. Most prominent projections on these are called medial & lateral epicondyles. On the posterior surface, a depression, intercondylar fossa, is present between the condyles.
        
        Patella: or kneecap is a sesamoid which has an apex (proximal surface), & base (distal surface). Posteriorly, has 2 articular facets (surfaces) for articulating with condyles of femur.
    - - Tibia: or shin bone is large, medially placed weight bearing bone.
        
        Proximal end: Has medial & lateral condyle to articulate with femur. Inferior surface articulates with fibula. Superiorly, concave condyles has an upward projection called intercondylar eminence. Anterior surface has tibial tuberosity. Inferior ti this tuberosity is sharp ridge, anterior border (crest) or shin.
        
        Distal end: Medial surface has medial malleolus which articulates talus bone of the ankle. Fibular notch articulates with fibula.
      - Fibula
        
        Thin bone on lateral side of tibia. Does not articulate with femur. Proximally forms proximal tibiofibular joint & distally forms lateral malleolus that articulates with talus of the ankle.
    - - Tarsus: or ankle. has 7 tarsal bones. Posteriorly talus & calcaneus is located. Calcaneus is largest of all tarsal bones. Anteriorly, navicular and 3 cuneiform bones (medial, intermediate, latera cuneiforms) and cuboid bones.
      - Metatarsus: numbered 1-5 from medial to lateral position. Similar to metacarpus.
      - Phalanges: 5 in number with 3 bones each similar to phalanges in hand. Big toe (hallux) is similar to pollex, has 2 bones (proximal & distal).
  - - - Pubis: or pubic bone. Anterior, superior border forms pubic crest & its lateral projection is pecten pubis. Pubic crest has pubic tubercle which marks the beginning of pectineal line It forms part of acetabulum (cup-shaped) to allow head of femur to articulate (hip joint).
      - Ischium: Ischial spine, ischial tuberosity & lesser sciatic notch. Ramus of pubis partially makes up obturator foramen, which is covered by obturator membrane but allows nerves & vessles to pass through.
      - Ilium: Appears as wing-like structure with superior border is ilium crest, ends anteriorly it presents as anterior superior iliac spine (injuries lead to hip pointer). Other regions anterior / posterior superior / inferior iliac spine. Greater sciatic notch allows sciatic nerve to pass along. Medial surface of ilium is iliac fossa. Posterior to iliac fossa is iliac tuberosity & auricular surface for sacroiliac joint.